Perang Dunia II

Perang Dunia II, secara resmi mulai berkecamuk pada tanggal 1 September 1939 sampai tanggal 14 Agustus 1945. Meskipun demikian ada yang berpendapat bahwa perang sebenarnya sudah dimulai lebih awal, yaitu pada tanggal 1 Maret 1937 ketika Jepang menduduki Manchuria. Sampai saat ini, perang ini adalah perang yang paling dahsyat pernah terjadi di muka bumi. Kurang lebih 50.000.000 (lima puluh juta) orang tewas dalam konflik ini.

Umumnya dapat dikatakan bahwa peperangan dimulai pada saat pendudukan Jerman di Polandia pada tanggal 1 September 1939, dan berakhir pada tanggal 14 atau 15 Agustus 1945 pada saat Jepang menyerah kepada tentara Amerika Serikat.

Perang Dunia II berkecamuk di tiga benua tua; yaitu Afrika, Asia dan Eropa. Berikut ialah data pertempuran-pertempuran dan peristiwa penting di setiap benua.

1937: Perang Sino-Jepang

Artikel utama untuk bagian ini adalah: Perang Sino-Jepang (1937-1945)

Konflik perang mulai di Asia beberapa tahun sesudah pertikaian di Eropa. Jepang telah menginvasi China pada tahun 1931, jauh sebelum Perang Dunia II dimulai di Eropa. Pada 1 Maret, Jepang menunjuk Henry Pu Yi menjadi kaisar di Manchukuo, negara boneka bentukan Jepang di Manchuria. Pada 1937, perang telah dimulai ketika Jepang mengambil alih Manchuria.

Roosevelt menandatangani sebuah perintah eksekutif yang tidak diterbitkan (rahasia) pada Mei 1940 mengijinkan personel militer AS untuk mundur dari tugas, sehingga mereka dapat berpartisipasi dalam operasi terselubung di China sebagai “American Volunteer Group” (AVG), juga dikenal sebagai Harimau Terbang Chennault. Selama periode tujuh bulan, kelompok Harimau Terbang berhasil menghancurkan sekitar 600 pesawat Jepang, menenggelamkan sejumlah kapal Jepang, dan menghentikan invasi Jepang terhadap Burma. Dengan adanya tindakan Amerika Serikat dan negara lainnya yang memotong ekspor ke Jepang, maka Jepang merencanakan serangan terhadap Pearl Harbor pada 7 Desember 1941 tanpa peringatan deklarasi perang; sehingga mengakibatkan kerusakan parah pada Armada Pasifik Amerika. Hari berikutnya, pasukan Jepang tiba di Hong Kong, yang kemudian menyebabkan menyerahnya pasukan Inggris pada Hari Natal di bulan itu.

[sunting] 1940: Jajahan Perancis Vichy

Pada 1940, Jepang menduduki Indochina Perancis (kini Vietnam) sesuai persetujuan dengan Pemerintahan Vichy meskipun secara lokal terdapat kekuatan Perancis Bebas (Free French), dan bergabung dengan kekuatan Poros Jerman dan Italia. Aksi ini menguatkan konflik Jepang dengan Amerika Serikat dan Britania Raya yang bereaksi dengan boikot minyak.

[sunting] 1941: Pearl Harbor, A.S. turut serta dalam perang, invasi Jepang di Asia Tenggara

Artikel utama untuk bagian ini adalah: Pemboman Pearl Harbor

Serangan udara terhadap USS West Virginia dan USS Tennessee di Pearl Harbor.

Pada 7 Desember 1941, pesawat Jepang dikomandoi oleh Laksamana Madya Chuichi Nagumo melaksanakan serangan udara kejutan terhadap Pearl Harbor, pangkalan angkatan laut AS terbesar di Pasifik. Pasukan Jepang menghadapi perlawanan kecil dan menghancurkan pelabuhan tersebut. AS dengan segera mengumumkan perang terhadap Jepang.

Bersamaan dengan serangan terhadap Pearl Harbor, Jepang juga menyerang pangkalan udara AS di Filipina. Setelah serangan ini, Jepang menginvasi Filipina, dan juga koloni-koloni Inggris di Hong Kong, Malaya, Borneo dan Birma, dengan maksud selanjutnya menguasai ladang minyak Hindia Belanda. Seluruh wilayah ini dan daerah yang lebih luas lagi, jatuh ke tangan Jepang dalam waktu beberapa bulan saja. Markas Britania Raya di Singapura juga dikuasai, yang dianggap oleh Churchill sebagai salah satu kekalahan dalam sejarah yang paling memalukan bagi Britania.

[sunting] 1942: Invasi Hindia-Belanda

Penyerbuan ke Hindia Belanda diawali dengan serangan Jepang ke Labuan, Brunei, Singapura, Semenanjung Malaya, Palembang, Tarakan dan Balikpapan yang merupakan daerah-daerah sumber minyak. Jepang sengaja mengambil taktik tersebut sebagai taktik gurita yang bertujuan mengisolasi kekuatan Hindia Belanda dan Sekutunya yang tergabung dalam front ABDA (America (Amerika Serikat), British (Inggris), Dutch (Belanda), Australia) yang berkedudukan di Bandung. Serangan-serangan itu mengakibatkan kehancuran pada armada laut ABDA khususnya Australia dan Belanda.

Sejak peristiwa ini, Sekutu akhirnya memindahkan basis pertahanannya ke Australia meskipun demikian Sekutu masih mempertahankan beberapa kekuatannya di Hindia Belanda agar tidak membuat Hindia Belanda merasa ditinggalkan dalam pertempuran ini.

Jepang mengadakan serangan laut besar-besaran ke Pulau Jawa pada bulan Februari-Maret 1942 dimana terjadi Pertempuran Laut Jawa antara armada laut Jepang melawan armada gabungan yang dipimpin oleh Laksamana Karel Doorman. Armada Gabungan sekutu kalah dan Karel Doorman gugur.

Jepang menyerbu Batavia (Jakarta) yang akhirnya dinyatakan sebagai kota terbuka, kemudian terus menembus Subang dan berhasil menembus garis pertahanan Lembang-Ciater, kota Bandung yang menjadi pusat pertahanan Sekutu-Hindia Belanda terancam. Sementara di front Jawa Timur, tentara Jepang berhasil menyerang Surabaya sehingga kekuatan Belanda ditarik sampai garis pertahanan Porong.

Terancamnya kota Bandung yang menjadi pusat pertahanan dan pengungsian membuat panglima Hindia Belanda Letnan Jendral Ter Poorten mengambil inisiatif mengadakan perdamaian. Kemudian diadakannya perundingan antara Tentara Jepang yang dipimpin oleh Jendral Hitoshi Imamura dengan pihak Belanda yang diwakili Letnan Jendral Ter Poorten dan Gubernur Jendral jhr A.W.L. Tjarda van Starkenborgh Stachouwer. Pada Awalnya Belanda bermaksud menyerahkan kota Bandung namun tidak mengadakan kapitulasi atau penyerahan kekuasaan Hindia Belanda kepada Pihak Jepang. Pada saat itu posisi Panglima tertinggi angkatan perang Hindia Belanda tidak lagi berada pada Gubernur Jendral namun diserahkan kepada Ter Poorten sehingga dilain waktu Belanda menganggap bahwa kedudukan di Hindia Belanda masih tetap sah dilanjutkan. Namun setelah Jepang mengancam akan mengebom kota Bandung akhirnya Jendral Ter Poorten setuju untuk menyerah tanpa syarat kepada Jepang.

Perang Dunia I

Perang Dunia I (juga dinamakan Perang Dunia Pertama, dan nama dalam bahasa Inggris lainnya: Great War, War of the Nations, dan “War to End All Wars” (Perang untuk Mengakhiri Semua Perang) adalah sebuah konflik dunia yang berlangsung dari 1914 hingga 1918.

Perang ini dimulai setelah Pangeran Ferdinand dari Austro-Hongaria (sekarang Austria) dibunuh anggota kelompok teroris Serbia, Gavrilo Princip di Sarajevo. Tidak pernah terjadi sebelumnya konflik sebesar ini, baik dari jumlah tentara yang dikerahkan dan dilibatkan, maupun jumlah korbannya. Senjata kimia digunakan untuk pertama kalinya, pemboman massal warga sipil dari udara dilakukan, dan banyak dari pembunuhan massal berskala besar pertama abad ini berlangsung saat perang ini. Empat dinasti, Habsburg, Romanov, Ottoman dan Hohenzollern, yang mempunyai akar kekuasaan hingga zaman Perang Salib, seluruhnya jatuh setelah perang.

Perang Dunia I menjadi saat pecahnya orde dunia lama, menandai berakhirnya monarki absolutisme di Eropa. Ia juga menjadi pemicu Revolusi Rusia, yang akan menginspirasi revolusi lainnya di negara lainnya seperti Tiongkok dan Kuba, dan akan menjadi basis bagi Perang Dingin antara Uni Soviet dan AS. Kekalahan Jerman dalam perang ini dan kegagalan untuk menyelesaikan masalah-masalah yang masih menggantung yang telah menjadi sebab terjadinya Perang Dunia I akan menjadi dasar kebangkitan Nazi, dan dengan itu pecahnya Perang Dunia II pada 1939. Ia juga menjadi dasar bagi peperangan bentuk baru yang sangat bergantung kepada teknologi, dan akan melibatkan non-militer dalam perang seperti yang belum pernah terjadi sebelumnya.

Perang Dunia menjadi terkenal dengan peperangan parit perindungannya, di mana sejumlah besar tentara dibatasi geraknya di parit-parit perlindungan dan hanya bisa bergerak sedikit karena pertahana yang ketat. Ini terjadi khususnya terhadap Front Barat. Lebih dari 9 juta jiwa meninggal di medan perang, dan hampir sebanyak itu juga jumlah warga sipil yang meninggal akibat kekurangan makanan, kelaparan, pembunuhan massal, dan terlibat secara tak sengaja dalam suatu pertempuran.

Front

[sunting] Front Timur

Front Timur adalah Front dimana Jerman berhadapan dengan Russia. Pada awalnya Jerman dapat mengalahkan Russia, meskipun Russia melancarkan Mobilisasi yang menyebabkan ekonomi Russia terbengkalai dan nantinya mencetus Revolusi Russia. Tapi karena musim dingin di Russia, dan tentara Jerman tidak dilengkapi pakaian musim dingin, akhirnya Russia menang

[sunting] Korban

[sunting] Sekutu: 5.497.600

• Belgia: 13.700
• Kekaisaran Britania: 908.000
  • Australia: 60.000
  • Kanada: 55.000
  • India: 25.000
  • Selandia Baru: 16.000
  • Afrika Selatan: 7.000
  • Inggris: 715.000
• Perancis: 1.354.000
• Yunani: 5.000
• Italia: 650.000
• Jepang: 300
• Rumania: 336.000
• Rusia: 1.700.000
• Serbia: 450.000
• AS: 50.600

MCR

My Chemical Romance (often shortened to MCR or My Chem[1]) is an American rock quintet that formed in 2001. The current members of the band are Gerard Way, Mikey Way, Frank Iero, Ray Toro and Bob Bryar. Shortly after forming, the band signed to Eyeball Records and released their debut album I Brought You My Bullets, You Brought Me Your Love in 2002. They signed with Reprise Records the next year and released their major label debut Three Cheers for Sweet Revenge in 2004. The album was a major commercial success, selling over one million copies due in part to the success of the singles “Helena”, “I’m Not Okay (I Promise)”, and “The Ghost of You”. The band followed this success with 2006’s The Black Parade, featuring their hit singles, “Welcome to the Black Parade”, “Famous Last Words”, “I Don’t Love You”, and “Teenagers”. The band also recently filmed a live DVD in Mexico City, which is due for release in early 2008.[2]

Early career (2001–2002)
The band was formed by frontman Gerard Way and ex-drummer Matt Pelissier around a week after the September 11, 2001 attacks. Witnessing the planes crash into the World Trade Center influenced Way’s life to the extent that he decided to start a band. Way wrote the song “Skylines and Turnstiles” to express his feelings about September 11th. Shortly thereafter, Ray Toro was called up and asked to join the band because at the time Way couldn’t sing and play the guitar at the same time.[3] The first recording sessions were done in Pelissier’s attic, where the songs “Our Lady of Sorrows” (formerly called “Bring More Knives”) and “Cubicles” were recorded. Mikey Way, the younger brother of Gerard, loved the demo so much that he decided to join the band, dropping out of college and learning the bass guitar in order to do so.[3]

My Chemical Romance was signed with Eyeball Records and played in the same room as Pencey Prep and Thursday. It was there that the band met Frank Iero, the lead vocalist and guitarist for Pencey Prep. After Pencey Prep broke up in 2001/2002, Frank became a guitarist for My Chemical Romance, just days before the band’s debut album was recorded.[3] Three months after the formation of the band they recorded their debut album, I Brought You My Bullets, You Brought Me Your Love, subsequently released in 2002 on Eyeball Records. Despite only joining the band a few days before the album recording sessions began, Iero played guitar on two of the tracks, one of them being “Early Sunsets Over Monroeville,” and the other being “Demolition Lovers.” During this time, the band was booked at the infamous venue, Big Daddy’s, where they began to receive mainstream attention. [4][5]

Criticism
My Chemical Romance was among the first bands to achieve prominence by offering free downloads through PureVolume[33] and the social networking site MySpace, where MCR gathered its first few thousand fans.[34] The band has clearly grown well beyond those initial numbers, expanding their fan base beyond the typical fans of their musical style and direction,[35] partially helped by the more mainstream sound of their 2004 album, Three Cheers for Sweet Revenge. MCR are sometimes maligned by the “grassroots” fans, for the expanded fan base, after the release of Three Cheers for Sweet Revenge. Due to the increased amount of new fans, some of the old fanbase considers the band a “sellout” and the new MCR fans “posers”. The fans are particularly vocal on online forums.[36][37]

Numerous artists in other bands have criticized the band openly in the media, Marilyn Manson among them; rumors circulated for some time that he wrote the song “Mutilation is the Most Sincere Form of Flattery” as an attack on the band for his Eat Me, Drink Me release (which he later denied, saying that it was aimed at bands in general seeking to imitate him). In another interview Manson stated that “I’m embarrassed to be me because these people are doing a really sad, pitiful, shallow version of what I’ve done”. In response to this, Gerard Way claimed nothing Manson could say would bring the band down.[38]

Gerard Way struck out against fans and bands that classify My Chemical Romance as “Emo”, saying that; “I think emo is fucking garbage, it’s bullshit. I think there’s bands that unfortunately we get lumped in with that are considered emo and by default that starts to make us emo.” and, “I think emo’s a pile of shit.” This caused much outcry from fans and critics alike.[28]

keluarga

Keluarga ialah satu kumpulan manusia yang dihubungkan melalui pertalian darah, perkahwinan atau pengambilan anak angkat.

Di Barat, keluarga didefinisikan sebagai satu kumpulan manusia yang mempunyai hubungan darah atau pertalian sah seperti perkahwinan dan pengambilan anak angkat. Banyak ahli antropologi berpendapat istilah “darah” perlu difahami secara metaforik kerana banyak masyarakat bukan Barat mempunyai konsep berkeluarga yang tidak bersandarkan “darah”.

[sunting] Silang Budaya Keluarga
Berdasarkan antropologi dan sosiologi, fungsi utama sesebuah keluarga ialah untuk menambah bilangan anggota masyarakat sama ada dengan cara biologi atau sosial (iaitu perkahwinan). Oleh itu, seseorang akan merasai perubahan perasaan berkeluarga misalnya bagi anak anak, keluarga bersifat orientasi, iaitu keluarga bertanggungjawab untuk meletak mereka kepada masyarakat melalui pendidikan dan sebagainya. Manakala bagi ibu bapa, keluarga bersifat prokreasi yang mana matlamat utama ialah menghasilkan, membudayakan dan mensosialkan zuriat. Walaubagaimanapun menghasilkan zuriat bukanlah tujuan utama sesebuah keluarga. Dalam masyarakat yang mempunyai pembahagian dalam pekerjaan, kehendak berkeluarga, dan hasil hubungan antara suami dan isteri, pembentukan isi rumah yang produktif dan ekonomi adalah amat penting.

Diambil daripada “http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keluarga”
Kategori: Masyarakat | Sosiologi

einstein

Albert Einstein (German: IPA: [ˈalbɐt ˈaɪ̯nʃtaɪ̯n] (Audio file) (help·info); English: IPA: /ˈælbɝt ˈaɪnstaɪn/) (March 14, 1879 – April 18, 1955) was a German-born theoretical physicist. He is best known for his theory of relativity and specifically mass-energy equivalence, E = mc2. Einstein received the 1921 Nobel Prize in Physics “for his services to Theoretical Physics, and especially for his discovery of the law of the photoelectric effect.”[1]

Einstein’s many contributions to physics include his special theory of relativity, which reconciled mechanics with electromagnetism, and his general theory of relativity, which extended the principle of relativity to non-uniform motion, creating a new theory of gravitation. His other contributions include relativistic cosmology, capillary action, critical opalescence, classical problems of statistical mechanics and their application to quantum theory, an explanation of the Brownian movement of molecules, atomic transition probabilities, the quantum theory of a monatomic gas, thermal properties of light with low radiation density (which laid the foundation for the photon theory), a theory of radiation including stimulated emission, the conception of a unified field theory, and the geometrization of physics.

Works by Albert Einstein include more than fifty scientific papers and also non-scientific books.[2][3] Einstein is revered by the physics community,[4] and in 1999 Time magazine named him the “Person of the Century”. In popular culture the name “Einstein” has become synonymous with genius.

Albert Einstein

Einstein in 1947
Born March 14, 1879(1879-03-14)
Ulm, Württemberg, Germany
Died April 18, 1955 (aged 76)
Princeton, New Jersey, U.S.

Residence Germany, Italy, Switzerland, United States
Citizenship German (1879–96, 1914–33)
Swiss (1901–55)
American (1940–55)
Ethnicity Jewish
Field Physics
Institutions Swiss Patent Office (Berne)
Univ. of Zurich
Charles Univ.
Prussian Acad. of Sciences
Kaiser Wilhelm Inst.
Univ. of Leiden
Inst. for Advanced Study
Alma mater ETH Zurich
University of Zurich (doctorate)
Academic advisor Alfred Kleiner
Known for General relativity
Special relativity
Brownian motion
Photoelectric effect
Mass-energy equivalence
Einstein field equations
Unified Field Theory
Bose–Einstein statistics
EPR paradox
Notable awards Nobel Prize in Physics (1921)
Copley Medal (1925)
Max Planck medal (1929)
Signature

antichrist

The word ‘Antichrist’ is translated from the combination of two ancient Greek words αντί + χριστος (‘anti + khristos), which can mean anti “opposite” (of) khristos “anointed” therefore “opposite of Christ” (the meaning of christ as the ‘anointed one’, having become secondary to its meaning as the honorific of Jesus of Nazareth) or anti “as” (if) khristos “messiah” thus “in place of Christ” or a substitute for Christ. An antichrist can be opposed to Christ by striving to be in the place of Christ.

The term itself appears 5 times in 1 John and 2 John of the New Testament — once in plural form and four times in the singular – and is popularly associated with the belief of a competing and assumed evil entity opposed to Jesus of Nazareth.^[1] The term is also often applied to prophecies regarding a “Little horn” power in Daniel 7,^[2] and is used in conjunction with many end times teachings.

The Bible does not point to only one person as being the antichrist but speaks of a class of persons. John speaks of “many anti-Christs” who embody the spirit of the anti-Christ.^[5] John wrote that such anti-Christs (or opponents of Christ) would deny “that Jesus is the Christ”, “the Father and the Son”, and would “not confess Jesus came in the flesh.”

Some identify a particular Antichrist as a “man of sin” or “son of perdition” mentioned in 2 Thessalonians 2:3. Others identify him as being in league with (or the same as) several figures in the Book of Revelation including the Dragon, the Beast, the False Prophet, and the Whore of Babylon.

Matthew 24 warns of false Christs and of deceivers who would appear claiming falsely to be the returned Christ.^[7]

Paul writes that a “man of sin”, “the son of perdition” is to take over the temple of God, on the false pretense that he is God himself.^[8] Circa 170 BC, Antiochus Epiphanes commanded Jews to sacrifice pigs on Shabbat four times a year, in tribute to himself as the supreme god of the Seleucids.

Later texts and apocrypha

Related ideas and references appear in various apocrypha, and a more complete portrait of the Antichrist has been built up gradually by Christian theologians and folk-religionists.

One such apocryphal text is the apocalyptic pseudo-prophecy falsely attributed to the Tiburtine Sibyl. It purports to prophesy ^[9] the arrival of the Christian emperor, Constantine, beginning:

“Then will arise a king of the Greeks whose name is Constans. He will be king of the Romans and the Greeks. He will be tall of stature, of handsome appearance with shining face, and well put together in all parts of his body…“^[10]

Millennialists and anti-Semites focus on the document’s suggestion that the Antichrist will be an Israelite: “At that time the Prince of Iniquity will arise from ‘the Tribe of Dan‘.”^[10]

This position is supported by several Biblical sources. For example, “Dan shall be a serpent by the way, a viper by the path, that bites the horse’s heels so that its rider shall fall backward.”^[11] However, it is also probable that this prophecy pertains to the fact that the Tribe of Dan had historically fallen into a state of idolatry during Biblical times, thus leading members of other Jewish tribes into idolatry as well. In addition, Revelation 7:1-8 appears to show that none of the 144,000 Jewish evangelists will come from the tribe of Dan. However, there are other Biblical examples of tribes being absent from similar lists, without any iniquity being implied.^{[citation needed]}

Beliefs and observations of other religions

• ^{The Antichrist is similar to the Islamic depiction of dajjal, who will appear as a powerful and corrupt leader; Isa (Arabic name for Jesus) will kill him in an epic war near Jerusalem. Muslims also have expectations of the antichrist; they call him al-Masih al-Dajjal (“Messiah-Liar”). He will defy Christ and pervert the words of the true Messiah. He will appear towards the end of this civilization. Quite a few Muslims believe the dajjal or anti-christ will deceive people, perform “miracles” (in reality sorcery) allowed by the permission of God as a test for people and whether they believe, get people to join his false religion and eventually claim to be a Prophet and then God. He will speak beautifully and fool people. Among the signs of the Hour will be the emergence of a beast from the earth. It will be very strange in appearance, and be extremely huge; one cannot even imagine what “it/he” will look like. Prophet Muhammad is reported to have said, “The Hour will not come until you see ten signs: the smoke for 40 days; the Dajjal; the Beast; the sun rising from the West; the descent of Jesus son of Mary; Gog and Magog; and three landslides – one in the East, one in the West, and one in Arabia, at the end of which fire will burst forth from the direction of Aden (Yemen) and drive people to the place of their final assembly.”[citation needed]}

• ^{Seventh-day Adventists teach that the anti-Christ is the office of the Papacy. In 1798, the French General Berthier exiled the Pope and took away all his authority, which was later restored in 1929. This is taken as a fulfillment of the prophecy that the Beast of Revelation would receive a deadly wound but that the wound would be healed.[12]}
• Expected roleChristian denominations disagree on what will happen in the end times, and the role that Satan and the Antichrist will play. Among them are those who believe that the antichrists of whom John wrote are instead a single individual and expect this one person to rise in the future. There is a consensus that sometime prior to the expected return of Jesus, there will be a period of “great tribulation”^[13] during which the Antichrist, indwelt and controlled by Satan, will attempt to win supporters with false peace, supernatural signs. He will silence all that defy him by refusing to “receive his mark” on their right hands or forehead. This “mark” will be required to legally partake in the end-time economic system.^[14] Some Christians believe that the Antichrist will be assassinated half way through the Tribulation, being revived and indwelt by Satan. The Antichrist will continue on for three and a half years following this “deadly wound”.^[15]

  The “Dragon” (interpreted as Satan), the “Beast” (often interpreted as the Antichrist), the “false prophet” (interpreted in many ways) who compels the world to worship the Beast, and all who received the Antichrist’s mark (cast their lot with him) will be the first occupants thrown into the Lake of Fire, and then commences the millennium. These views are based on controversial passages in the Apocalypse of John, more commonly known as the Book of Revelation.

  The Bible verse from chapter 8 of the Book of Daniel is seen as a prophecy of the Antichrist: “And in the latter time of their kingdom, when the transgressors are come to the full, a king of fierce countenance, and understanding dark sentences, shall stand up. And his power shall be mighty, but not by his own power: and he shall destroy wonderfully, and shall prosper, and practise, and shall destroy the mighty and the holy people. And through his policy also he shall cause craft to prosper in his hand; and he shall magnify himself in his heart, and by peace shall destroy many: he shall also stand up against the Prince of princes; but he shall be broken without hand.”^[16] The antichrist also appears in the book and the film “Left Behind” by Jerry B. Jenkins and Tim LaHaye

  In other views, the role is far less dramatic. Some believe the Antichrist to be a group of individuals as well as organizations who, for their history of trying to deceive and stifle the faithful, are finally destroyed for all time by God on the day of Armageddon. Gog and Magog are identified as the nations in the four corners of the earth, and their attack is represented as an eschatological crisis after the Millennium, to be vanquished by divine intervention.

  [edit] 1st millennium

  According to Bernard McGinn, in Christianity’s early days the Antichrist was identified variously as the spirit of heresy (by Polycarp), the Roman empire (by Irenaeus), or the resurrected Nero (by John Chrysostom).^{[citation needed]}

  Arnulf of Rheims wrote in A.D. 991, “What do you estimate this to be, reverend fathers? When you see him sitting on a lofty throne glittering in purple and gold, what do you estimate this to be, I say? Without a doubt, if he lacks love, and is only swelled up and lifted up, must he not be the Antichrist, ’sitting in the temple of God, and also showing himself as God’?”^[17]

  [edit] 2nd millennium

  During the second millennium, certain Christian sects believed that the Antichrist would be an apostate priest or Christian secular ruler, perhaps a Pope or other high leader of the Christian church, or a pretender to the Papacy.

  

  

  The Antichrist, by Lucas Cranach the Elder – 1521, commissioned by Martin Luther. Cranach was a Lutheran and therefore portrayed the Antichrist as the Pope, complete with the papal tiara.

  Some of the Spiritual Franciscans considered the Emperor Frederick II a positive Antichrist who would clean the Church from riches and clergy.^[18]

  Some Protestant churches have made it an issue of faith to identify the Bishop of Rome and the papal system as the Antichrist. See, for example, the Smalcald Articles, Westminster Confession and the 1689 Baptist Confession of Faith; early Protestant Reformers, including Martin Luther, John Calvin, Thomas Cranmer, John Knox, Cotton Mather, and John Wesley, identified the Roman Papacy as the Antichrist.^{[citation needed]} The Centuriators of Magdeburg, a group of Lutheran scholars in Magdeburg headed by Matthias Flacius, wrote the 12-volume “Magdeburg Centuries” to discredit the papacy and identify the pope as the Antichrist. Virtually all popes have been called the Antichrist by their enemies, and many popes have applied this title of “Antichrist”, “son of perdition”, or “man of sin”, to their enemies as well. Some Catholics expected a son of Martin Luther to be the Antichrist, as his scion would be the son of an ex-priest and ex-nun.

  The Lutheran Churches of the Reformation,^[19] the Concordia Lutheran Conference,^[20] the Church of the Lutheran Confession,^[21] and the Illinois Lutheran Conference^[22] all hold to The Brief Statement of the Missouri Synod (1932), which states, “As to the Antichrist we teach that the prophecies of the Holy Scriptures concerning the Antichrist, 2 Thess. 2: 3-12; 1 John 2:18, have been fulfilled in the Pope of Rome and his dominion.”^[19]

  In 1959 the Wisconsin Evangelical Lutheran Synod (WELS) formally issued its Statement on the Antichrist, a doctrinal statement that declared, “we reaffirm the statement of the Lutheran Confessions, that ‘the Pope is the very Antichrist’”.^[23]

  After the reforms of Patriarch Nikon to the Russian Orthodox Church of 1652, a large number of Old Believers held that czar Peter the Great was the Antichrist^[24] because of his treatment of the Orthodox Church, namely separating church from state, requiring clergymen to conform to the standards of all Russian civilians (shaved beards, being fluent in French), and requiring them to pay state taxes. In 1914 a woman stabbed faith healer Rasputin, cutting a large wound in his chest, in belief that he was the Antichrist due to his supposedly evil influences over the czar and czarina. He fully recovered.^{[citation needed]}

  Preterists look to an early antichrist, interpreting many ancient figures as the Beast of the Apocalypse. These interpretations include Nero, sometimes together with the four emperors who succeeded him in the year following his suicide, until the elevation of Nero’s general Vespasian to emperor. This is supported by some numerological interpretations.^{[citation needed]} This tumultuous period included an increase of superstitious fear and mob violence against Christians, and intensification of the Roman wars against the Jews (AD 66–70), the destruction of the Temple in AD 70 under the command of general Titus (later emperor), and the slaughter of the Jews who were living in Jerusalem. According to tradition, Nero ordered the crucifixion of St. Peter and the beheading of Saint Paul. Both Jewish and Christian literature survive which refer to Emperor Nero as the Antichrist. A more detailed description of this Preterist interpretation can be found in the entry on the Book of Revelation.

  Widespread Protestant identification of the Papacy as the Antichrist persisted until the early 1900s when the Scofield Reference Bible was published by Cyrus Scofield. Prior to the Scofield Bible, with few exceptions, the Protestant confessions of faith declared the Papacy as the Antichrist. For example, the Westminster Confession of Faith states:

  25.6. There is no other head of the Church but the Lord Jesus Christ: nor can the Pope of Rome in any sense be head thereof; but is that Antichrist, that man of sin and son of perdition, that exalteth himself in the church against Christ, and all that is called God; whom the Lord shall destroy with the brightness of his coming.^[25]

  The view of Futurism, a product of the Counter-Reformation, was advanced beginning in the 16th century in response to the identification of the Papacy as Antichrist. Francisco Ribera, A Jesuit priest, developed this theory in In Sacrum Beati Ioannis Apostoli, & Evangelistiae Apocalypsin Commentarij, his 1585 treatise on the Apocalypse of John. St. Bellarmine codified this view, giving in full the Catholic theory set forth by the Greek and Latin Fathers, of a personal Antichrist to come just before the end of the world and to be accepted by the Jews and enthroned in the temple at Jerusalem — thus endeavoring to dispose of the exposition which saw Antichrist in the pope. Most premillennial dispensationalists now accept Bellarmine’s interpretation in modified form.^{[citation needed]} Ian Paisley, MEP and the leader of the Free Presbyterian Church, loudly denounced then-Pope John Paul II as the Antichrist in 1988 while the pontiff was giving a speech at a sitting of the European Parliament in Strasbourg.

mobil gaul

JAKARTA – Pada Kamis (19/2), Honda Jazz diluncurkan di Mall Taman Anggrek, Jakarta. Kendaraan ini sebelumnya masuk ke Indonesia lewat importir umum dengan nama Honda Fit.

PT Honda Prospect Motor (HPM) sebagai ATPM Honda di Indonesia rupanya jeli melihat peluang yang menganga atas model ini. Lihat saja kompetitornya seperti Hyundai, Getz, Cheverolet Aveo yang melaju menerobos pasar di kelas ini.
Melihat angin segar rupanya HPM ingin pula meramaikan pasar, maka Honda Jazz didatangkan langsung dari Thailand secara utuh (CBU).
Ketika SH uji coba Honda Jazz, kendaraan ini adalah fancy hatchback, Honda City yang menggabungkan keserbagunaan hatchback dengan mesin yang ekonomis. Honda Jazz mempunyai platform, mesin, dasbor, dan kursi belakang yang inovatif seperti Honda City. Hanya bedanya pada headlamp yang menggelembung dan body ala MPV.
Orang menilai penampilan Honda Jazz lebih manis dari Honda City yang elegant. Konsep interiornya juga berbeda bila City terkesan lebih klasik dan memancarkan kemewahan, maka Honda Jazz tampil lebih sporty. Walau harga yang di bandrol di bawah Honda City, Honda Jazz menawarkan kualitas setara.
Di Jepang sendiri, mobil ini banyak meraih penghargaan yang prestisius.
Sumbu antarroda (wheel base) sama dengan City, tapi ujung belakangnya lebih pendek. Mungkin ini keunggulan Honda yang tetap memilih interior yang ekonomis dan bergaya. Sistem suspensinya juga dirancang seperti Honda City, namun lebih sporty.
Apalagi mobil ini mengusung mesin yang sama dengan City, yakni i-DSI yang memproduksi tenaga sebesar 88 HP hingga tarikannya lincah apalagi adanya sevenspeed yang membuat mobil ini berlari lebih kencang. Secara umum, mesin ini mampu menggerakkan mobil pada kecepatan rendah dan sedang tanpa susah payah. Pada kecepatan tinggi performa Jazz dan City juga setara. Meskipun Jazz lebih ringan 10 kg, yaitu 1.070 kg.
Honda Jazz sudah masuk ke Indonesia.
Model ini menurut Jonfis Fandy, GM Sales and Marketing HPM akan menjadi andalan dan segment hatchback, lebih-lebih saat ini demam Avanza-Xenia diperkirakan sudah mengendur. HPM sendiri cukup yakin produk mobil barunya ini bisa diterima oleh konsumen, lebih-lebih nama besar Honda Fit yang pernah jadi mobil terlaris di Jepang. Mampukah Honda Jazz melampaui kompetitor lain yang sudah lebih dulu berjaya di jalan-jalan di Indonesia, kita lihat saja nanti.

juventus

The Clube Atlético Juventus (Latin for Youth), usually known simply as Juventus, is a traditional Brazilian football club based in Mooca, a São Paulo neighborhood. Although it was a Campeonato Brasileiro A-2 (Taça de Prata) winner once, Juventus nowadays competes only in São Paulo tournaments, like Campeonato Paulista.

The team typically plays in carmine shirts and white shorts, and is nicknamed Moleque Travesso (the Pranky Boy).

Clube Atlético Juventus was founded on April 20, 1924 by Cotonificio Rodolfo Crespi employees, as Extra São Paulo. The team colors were the colors of São Paulo state, black, white and red.

In 1925, the club changed its name to Cotonifício Rodolfo Crespi Futebol Clube, and in 1930, the club changed its name again, to Clube Atlético Juventus. The club was founded by Turin immigrants, because of that it is named after Juventus of Italy, and the team colors are a homage to Torino, a homage from the two most important teams of Turin.

Pelé states his most beautiful goal was scored at Rua Javari on a Campeonato Paulista match against Juventus in August 2, 1959. As there was no video footage of this match, Pelé asked that a computer animation be made of this specific goal. This animation can be seen on Pelé Eterno, a documentary about his career. ^[1]

In 2007, the club won the Copa FPF for the first time, after defeating Linense in the final, and also competed in that season’s edition of Recopa Sul-Brasileira. Juventus was eliminated in the Campeonato Brasileiro Série C 2007’s first stage.

Juventus
Full name	Clube Atlético Juventus
Nickname(s)	Moleque Travesso (Pranky Boy)
Founded	April 20, 1924
Ground	Conde Rodolfo Crespi (aka Rua Javari), São Paulo, Brazil (Capacity 2,730)
Chairman	Armando Raucci
Manager	Márcio Bittencourt
League	Campeonato Brasileiro Série C
2007	Eliminated in first stage
Home colours 　 Away colours

Death Note

Death Note adalah judul sebuah serial manga Jepang yang ditulis oleh Tsugumi Ohba dan ilustrasi oleh Takeshi Obata. Manga ini menceritakan tentang Light Yagami, seorang siswa jenius yang secara kebetulan menemukan “Death Note” milik shinigami (dewa kematian). Direalisasikan di majalah Shonen Jump dari Januari 2004 hingga Mei 2006 dengan total 108 bab. Versi tankoubonnya terbit sebanyak 12 jilid dan 1 jilid spesial yang berjudul How to Read 13 yang berisi tentang penjelasan dan profile tentang Death Note.

Naruto

Naruto (ナルト) adalah manga dan anime karya Masashi Kishimoto. Bercerita seputar kehidupan tokoh utamanya, Naruto Uzumaki, seorang ninja remaja yang berisik, hiperaktif, dan ambisius; dan petualangannya dalam mewujudkan keinginan untuk mendapatkan gelar Hokage, ninja terkuat di desanya.

Manga Naruto pertama kali diterbitkan di Jepang oleh Shueisha pada tahun 1999 dalam edisi ke 43 majalah Shonen Jump). Di Indonesia, manga ini diterbitkan oleh Elex Media Komputindo. Popularitas dan panjang seri Naruto sendiri (terutama di Jepang) menyaingi Dragon Ball karya Akira Toriyama, sedangkan serial anime Naruto, diproduksi oleh Studio Pierrot dan Aniplex, disiarkan secara perdana di Jepang oleh jaringan TV Tokyo dan juga oleh jaringan televisi satelit khusus anime, Animax, pada 3 Oktober 2002 sampai sekarang. Seri pertama terdiri atas 9 musim. Musim pertama dari seri kedua mulai ditayangkan pada tanggal 15 Februari 2007. Di Indonesia, anime Naruto ditayangkan oleh Global TV setiap hari Senin hingga Jum’at pada pukul 18.30. Dua episode berurutan ditayangkan sekaligus, sehingga durasi penayangan menjadi satu jam. Trans TV juga pernah menayangkan anime Naruto dan sempat diulang hingga beberapa kali. Indosiar juga akan menayangkan Naruto, namun tidak dari awal melainkan langsung ke Naruto Session 4.